MySQL运维实战(2.4) SSL认证在MySQL中的应用
MySQL支持使用tls进行通信。tls主要有几个作用
对客户端、服务端之间的通信数据进行加密。包括客户端发往服务端的SQL，服务端返回给客户端的数据。
客户端可以验证服务端的身份。
服务端也可以验证客户端的身份
Server端开启ssl
服务端默认已经开启ssl，可以通过如下命令查看是否支持ssl：
参数have_ssl为 YES
| have_openssl | YES | | have_ssl | YES | | ssl_ca | ca.pem | | ssl_capath | | | ssl_cert | server-cert.pem | | ssl_cipher | | | ssl_crl | | | ssl_crlpath | | | ssl_key | server-key.pem |
参数说明：
参数 | 说明 |
have_openssl | 和have_ssl一样 |
have_ssl | YES: 启用SSL DISABLED: 已经编译了SSL功能，但是没有开启 |
ssl_ca | CA文件，默认是ca.pem。 |
ssl_capath | CA文件路径，默认为空。mysqld会从datadir查找ca.pem |
ssl_cert | 服务端证书，默认server-cert.pem. |
ssl_cipher | SSL加密方式，默认为空 |
ssl_crl | certificate revocation lists文件，默认为空 |
ssl_crlpath | certificate revocation lists文件路径，默认为空 |
ssl_key | 服务端证书私钥，默认server-key.pem. |
server端启用SSL，需要ca.pem, server-cert.pem, server-key.pem 3个文件。
客户端需要有ca.pem, client-cert.pem, client-key.pem 3个文件。
客户端SSL
使用mysql客户端连接到服务端时，默认会使用加密通信，
登陆后输入 \s, 或者show status like 'ssl_cipher'，如果看Cipher信息，说明连接已经开启加密通信
[root@box1 mysql]# mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello Server version: 5.7.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL) ... Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> \s -------------- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.32, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper Connection id: 23 Current database: Current user: root@localhost SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 Current pager: stdout Using outfile: '' Using delimiter: ; Server version: 5.7.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Protocol version: 10 Connection: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP Server characterset: latin1 mysql> show status like 'ssl_cipher'; +---------------+-----------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-----------------------------+ | Ssl_cipher | ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 |
客户端禁用ssl通信
mysql客户端登陆时加上 --ssl-mode=disabled禁用tls通信
mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello --ssl-mode=disabled mysql> \s -------------- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.32, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper Connection id: 25 Current database: Current user: root@localhost SSL: Not in use Current pager: stdout mysql> show status like 'ssl_cipher'; +---------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-------+ | Ssl_cipher | | +---------------+-------+
客户端要求验证服务端证书
客户端可以要求验证服务端的证书。
mysql客户端将ssl-mode参数设置为verify_ca或verify_identity, 同时需要提供用来签名的ca证书。
verify_ca的作用，是为了让服务端证明，他的证书是客户端参数中的指定的ca签名的。其他服务器无法冒充。
mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello --ssl-mode=verify_ca --ssl-ca=ca.pem show status like 'ssl_cipher'; +---------------+-----------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +---------------+-----------------------------+ | Ssl_cipher | ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 |
如果证书验证不通过，客户端连接会报错。服务端日志中也能看到相关报错信息。
### client root@box1 mysql]# mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -phello --ssl-mode=verify_ca --ssl-ca=/data/mysql01/data/ca.pem mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error: error:00000001:lib(0):func(0):reason(1) ### server [root@box1 mysql]# tail -1 /var/log/mysqld.log 2021-03-31T23:34:20.461350Z 28 [Note] Bad handshake
服务端要求验证客户端使用ssl登陆
虽然服务端开启了ssl，但是默认情况下用户可以选择启用或不启用加密通信。
服务端可以强制要求客户端使用加密通信，也可以要求客户端证明自己的身份。
这可以在创建用户的时候指定。
CREATE USER 'user_1'@'%' identified by 'hello' require ssl; CREATE USER 'user_2'@'%' identified by 'hello' require x509; CREATE USER 'user_3'@'%' identified by 'hello' require cipher 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384'; CREATE USER 'user_4'@'%' identified by 'hello' require cipher 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384'; CREATE USER 'user_5'@'%' identified by 'hello' require issuer 'www.dtstack.com' ; CREATE USER 'user_6'@'%' identified by 'hello' require subject '/CN=client.dtstack.com';
上面创建的用户中，
user_1必须开启ssl加密才能连接到服务器
user_2需要使用x509证书格式
user_3需要使用cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
user_4需要使用cipher ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
user_5需要使用www.dtstack.com签发的证书
user_6需要使用subject为client.dtstack.com的证书
测试用户信息
select user,host, ssl_type, ssl_cipher, x509_issuer, x509_subject from mysql.user where user like 'user%'; +--------+------+-----------+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+ | user | host | ssl_type | ssl_cipher | x509_issuer | x509_subject | +--------+------+-----------+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+ | user_1 | % | ANY | | | | | user_2 | % | X509 | | | | | user_3 | % | SPECIFIED | ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 | | | | user_4 | % | SPECIFIED | ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 | | | | user_5 | % | SPECIFIED | | www.dtstack.com | client.dtstack.com | | user_6 | % | SPECIFIED | | | /CN=client.dtstack.com | +--------+------+-----------+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------------------+
强制SSL
user_1登陆，如果不开启ssl-mode，登陆报错。使用ssl才能登陆
[root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_1 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=disabled mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_1'@'localhost' (using password: YES) [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_1 -phello -h127.0.0.1 ... Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> \s ... Current user: user_1@localhost SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
强制使用客户端证书
user_2需要x509证书才能登陆
[root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_2 -phello -h127.0.0.1 ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_2'@'localhost' (using password: YES) [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_2 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_2'@'localhost' (using password: YES) [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_2 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem ... Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. mysql> \s ... Current user: user_2@localhost SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
强制指定客户端cipher
user_3指定了cipher, 无法登陆。 可以从服务端alert.log查看登陆失败的原因。
[root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_3 -pxhello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_3'@'localhost' (using password: YES) ### 服务端日志 [root@box1 mysql]# tail -1 /var/log/mysqld.log2021-04-01T00:07:44.216859Z 51 [Note] X509 ciphers mismatch: should be 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384' but is 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256' 2021-04-01T00:07:44.216915Z 51 [Note] Access denied for user 'user_3'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
说明了cipher不满足要求。
my.cnf增加ssl_ciphper参数，重启服务
[root@box1 mysql]# tail -1 /etc/my.cnf ssl_cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 [root@box1 mysql]# service mysqld restart Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart mysqld.service
-- 再次尝试登陆，可以看到SSL 使用的ciper变成了 ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_3 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem ... mysql> \s Current user: user_3@localhost SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
验证客户端证书的subject 和 issuer
### client [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_5 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_5'@'localhost' (using password: YES) ### server [root@box1 mysql]# tail -2 /var/log/mysqld.log 2021-04-01T01:17:21.692560Z 6 [Note] X509 issuer mismatch: should be 'www.dtstack.com' but is '/C=CN/ST=HZ/L=ZJ/O=lazybug CO/OU=freecity/CN=www.dtstack.com/emailAddress=junda@dtstack.com' 2021-04-01T01:17:21.692607Z 6 [Note] Access denied for user 'user_5'@'localhost' (using password: YES) ### client [root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_6 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user_6'@'localhost' (using password: YES) ### server [root@box1 mysql]# tail -2 /var/log/mysqld.log 2021-04-01T01:20:41.297093Z 8 [Note] X509 subject mismatch: should be '/CN=client.dtstack.com' but is '/C=XX/L=Default City/O=Default Company Ltd' 2021-04-01T01:20:41.297144Z 8 [Note] Access denied for user 'user_6'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
重新生成client证书，指定subject
[root@box1 pki]# openssl req -subj /CN=client.dtstack.com -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \ -nodes -keyout client-key.pem -out client-req.pem writing new private key to 'client-key.pem' [root@box1 pki]# openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem writing RSA key [root@box1 pki]# openssl x509 -sha384 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \ > -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem Signature ok subject=/CN=client.dtstack.com Getting CA Private Key
使用新的证书，就可以登录的数据库了：
[root@box1 pki]# mysql -uuser_6 -phello -h127.0.0.1 --ssl-mode=required --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem ... mysql> \s Current user: user_6@localhost SSL: Cipher in use is ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
附录：SSL证书相关命令
生成证书的命令
# Create clean environment rm -rf newcerts mkdir newcerts && cd newcerts # Create CA certificate openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pem openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 3600 \ -key ca-key.pem -out ca.pem # Create server certificate, remove passphrase, and sign it # server-cert.pem = public key, server-key.pem = private key openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \ -nodes -keyout server-key.pem -out server-req.pem openssl rsa -in server-key.pem -out server-key.pem openssl x509 -sha384 -req -in server-req.pem -days 3600 \ -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out server-cert.pem # Create client certificate, remove passphrase, and sign it # client-cert.pem = public key, client-key.pem = private key openssl req -subj /client.dtstack.com -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3600 \ -nodes -keyout client-key.pem -out client-req.pem openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem openssl x509 -sha384 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \ -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem openssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3600 \ -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out client-cert.pem
查看证书信息
[root@box1 mysql]# openssl x509 -text -in server-cert.pem -noout Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 2 (0x2) Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption Issuer: CN=MySQL_Server_5.7.32_Auto_Generated_CA_Certificate Validity Not Before: Mar 31 12:14:46 2021 GMT Not After : Mar 29 12:14:46 2031 GMT Subject: CN=MySQL_Server_5.7.32_Auto_Generated_Server_Certificate Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 bit) Modulus: [root@box1 pki]# openssl x509 -text -in client-cert.pem -noout Certificate: Data: Version: 1 (0x0) Serial Number: 1 (0x1) Signature Algorithm: sha384WithRSAEncryption Issuer: C=CN, ST=HZ, L=ZJ, O=lazybug CO, OU=freecity, CN=www.dtstack.com/emailAddress=junda@dtstack.com Validity Not Before: Apr 1 01:34:53 2021 GMT Not After : Feb 8 01:34:53 2031 GMT Subject: CN=client.dtstack.com Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption Public-Key: (2048 b
验证证书
使用openssl verify命令验证证书有效性。CAfile是用于创建证书的ca文件。
[root@box1 pki]# openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem server-cert.pem client-cert.pem server-cert.pem: OK client-cert.pem: OK
如果ca文件和证书文件不匹配，验证会报错
[root@box1 pki]# openssl verify -CAfile /var/lib/backupca/ca.pem server-cert.pem client-cert.pem server-cert.pem: C = CN, ST = ZJ, L = HZ, O = bugfree server, OU = land, CN = www.dtstack.com, emailAddress = server@dtstack.com error 20 at 0 depth lookup:unable to get local issuer certificate client-cert.pem: CN = client.dtstack.com error 20 at 0 depth lookup:unable to get local issuer certificate
