prometheus黑盒监控
黑盒监控
即以用户的身份测试服务的外部可见性，常见的黑盒监控包括 HTTP探针、TCP探针、Dns、Icmp等用于检测站点、服务的可访问性、服务的连通性，以及访问效率等。
prometheus提供了blackbox_exporter来实现。
helm安装blackbox_exporter
获取helm仓库信息
helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts helm repo update
安装Chart包
helm install [RELEASE_NAME] prometheus-community/prometheus-blackbox-exporter
卸载Chart包
helm uninstall [RELEASE_NAME]
安装完成后可以看到如下资源
配置blackbox_exporter
配置blackbox_exporter配置文件
首先我们要配置我们的blackbox_exporter，blackbox_exporter的配置文件为blackbox.yml。当我们以helm方式安装blackbox_exporter时，配置文件是以configMap的形式存在的。查看下我们的配置文件。
kubectl get configMap -n prometheus
kubectl get configMap -n prometheus prometheus-blackbox-exporter
官方配置文件样例
这里提供一个官方的样例配置文件，根据我们的需求修改配置文件即可。
modules:
http_2xx_example:
prober: http
timeout: 5s
http:
valid_http_versions: ["HTTP/1.1", "HTTP/2.0"]
valid_status_codes: [] # Defaults to 2xx
method: GET
headers:
Host: vhost.example.com
Accept-Language: en-US
Origin: example.com
no_follow_redirects: false
fail_if_ssl: false
fail_if_not_ssl: false
fail_if_body_matches_regexp:
- "Could not connect to database"
fail_if_body_not_matches_regexp:
- "Download the latest version here"
fail_if_header_matches: # Verifies that no cookies are set
- header: Set-Cookie
allow_missing: true
regexp: '.*'
fail_if_header_not_matches:
- header: Access-Control-Allow-Origin
regexp: '(\*|example\.com)'
tls_config:
insecure_skip_verify: false
preferred_ip_protocol: "ip4" # defaults to "ip6"
ip_protocol_fallback: false # no fallback to "ip6"
http_post_2xx:
prober: http
timeout: 5s
http:
method: POST
headers:
Content-Type: application/json
body: '{}'
http_basic_auth_example:
prober: http
timeout: 5s
http:
method: POST
headers:
Host: "login.example.com"
basic_auth:
username: "username"
password: "mysecret"
http_custom_ca_example:
prober: http
http:
method: GET
tls_config:
ca_file: "/certs/my_cert.crt"
http_gzip:
prober: http
http:
method: GET
compression: gzip
http_gzip_with_accept_encoding:
prober: http
http:
method: GET
compression: gzip
headers:
Accept-Encoding: gzip
tls_connect:
prober: tcp
timeout: 5s
tcp:
tls: true
tcp_connect_example:
prober: tcp
timeout: 5s
imap_starttls:
prober: tcp
timeout: 5s
tcp:
query_response:
- expect: "OK.*STARTTLS"
- send: ". STARTTLS"
- expect: "OK"
- starttls: true
- send: ". capability"
- expect: "CAPABILITY IMAP4rev1"
smtp_starttls:
prober: tcp
timeout: 5s
tcp:
query_response:
- expect: "^220 ([^ ]+) ESMTP (.+)$"
- send: "EHLO prober\r"
- expect: "^250-STARTTLS"
- send: "STARTTLS\r"
- expect: "^220"
- starttls: true
- send: "EHLO prober\r"
- expect: "^250-AUTH"
- send: "QUIT\r"
irc_banner_example:
prober: tcp
timeout: 5s
tcp:
query_response:
- send: "NICK prober"
- send: "USER prober prober prober :prober"
- expect: "PING :([^ ]+)"
send: "PONG ${1}"
- expect: "^:[^ ]+ 001"
icmp_example:
prober: icmp
timeout: 5s
icmp:
preferred_ip_protocol: "ip4"
source_ip_address: "127.0.0.1"
dns_udp_example:
prober: dns
timeout: 5s
dns:
query_name: "www.prometheus.io"
query_type: "A"
valid_rcodes:
- NOERROR
validate_answer_rrs:
fail_if_matches_regexp:
- ".*127.0.0.1"
fail_if_all_match_regexp:
- ".*127.0.0.1"
fail_if_not_matches_regexp:
- "www.prometheus.io.\t300\tIN\tA\t127.0.0.1"
fail_if_none_matches_regexp:
- "127.0.0.1"
validate_authority_rrs:
fail_if_matches_regexp:
- ".*127.0.0.1"
validate_additional_rrs:
fail_if_matches_regexp:
- ".*127.0.0.1"
dns_soa:
prober: dns
dns:
query_name: "prometheus.io"
query_type: "SOA"
dns_tcp_example:
prober: dns
dns:
transport_protocol: "tcp" # defaults to "udp"
preferred_ip_protocol: "ip4" # defaults to "ip6"
query_name: "www.prometheus.io"http_2xx模块
简单看一下http_2xx这个模块
modules: http_2xx: prober: http timeout: 5s http: valid_http_versions: ["HTTP/1.1", "HTTP/2.0"] valid_status_codes: [200] # Defaults to 2xx method: GET headers: Host: blackbox.ilomumu.xyz Accept-Language: en-US Origin: ilomumu.xyz # 不跟重定向跟随 no_follow_redirects: false # 使用ssl时判断为失败 fail_if_ssl: false # 不使用ssl时判断为失败 fail_if_not_ssl: false # body内容匹配就判断为失败 fail_if_body_matches_regexp: - "Could not connect to database" fail_if_body_not_matches_regexp: - "Download the latest version here" # header匹配则判断为失败 fail_if_header_matches: # Verifies that no cookies are set - header: Set-Cookie allow_missing: true regexp: '.*' # header不匹配则判断为失败 fail_if_header_not_matches: - header: Access-Control-Allow-Origin regexp: '(\*|example\.com)' # tls 证书配置 tls_config: insecure_skip_verify: false preferred_ip_protocol: "ip4" # defaults to "ip6" ip_protocol_fallback: false # no fallback to "ip6"
我们使用的配置文件
modules: http_2xx: prober: http timeout: 5s http: valid_http_versions: - HTTP/1.1 - HTTP/2.0 valid_status_codes: - 200 method: GET headers: Host: blackbox.ilomumu.xyz Accept-Language: en-US Origin: ilomumu.xyz # 这里没有使用no_follow_redirects是因为no_follow_redirects在未来的版本中会被follow_redirects替代 follow_redirects: true fail_if_ssl: false fail_if_not_ssl: false tls_config: insecure_skip_verify: true preferred_ip_protocol: ip4 ip_protocol_fallback: false
修改完需要重新部署deployment使新的配置文件生效
配置prometheus
配置blackbox_exporter到prometheus
这里如果要配置blackbox_exporter到二进制部署的prometheus很简单，我们只需要修改promethues的prometheus.yml文件，在scrape_configs配置相应字段即可。
scrape_configs: - job_name: 'blackbox' metrics_path: /probe params: module: [http_2xx] # Look for a HTTP 200 response. static_configs: - targets: - http://prometheus.io # Target to probe with http. - https://prometheus.io # Target to probe with https. - http://example.com:8080 # Target to probe with http on port 8080. relabel_configs: - source_labels: [__address__] target_label: __param_target - source_labels: [__param_target] target_label: instance - target_label: __address__ replacement: 127.0.0.1:9115 # The blackbox exporter's real hostname:port.
根据我们的需求修改上述文件即可
配置blackbox_exporter到prometheus operator
编写ServiceMonitor文件
但是我们使用的是prometheus operator，此时我们如果直接进入容器修改prometheus.yml显然是不现实的。但是如果我们去查看configMap会发现也没有prometheus.yml相关的配置文件，那我们如何修改prometheus.yml？
这里其实我们要使用到ServiceMonitor这种资源，通过ServiceMonitor来使用prometheus的动态发现。
kubectl get ServiceMonitor -A
所以我们要编写一个适合我们使用的ServiceMonitor来讲blackbox_exporter配置到promethues中
接下来的文件中relabelings段可能比较难以理解，下文会解释为何如此进行编写
apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
name: prometheus-blackbox-exporter
namespace: prometheus
spec:
endpoints:
- params:
# 监控使用的module，这里就是我们blackbox.yml中配置的监控规则
module:
- http_2xx
path: /probe # 此处路径固定，为blackbox-exporter暴露的监控页面
port: web # 监控使用的端口（可以是service端口的名称）
relabelings:
# 正则替换这里主要是为了实现自定义监控路径和地址
# 整体这段替换的目的就是为了将默认的目标地址替换为我们真正需要监控的地址和路径
- action: replace
# 替换内容
regex: (.*)
# 替换规则
replacement: ${1}${2}
# 分隔符
separator: /
# 替换的内容
# 这里使用了两个内置变量
sourceLabels:
# 地址（需要监控的svc的地址）
- __address__
# 标签 prometheus.io.http.probe.path 的值
- __meta_kubernetes_service_label_prometheus_io_http_probe_path
# 被替换内容
targetLabel: __param_target
# 这段替换的目的是为了将默认访问地址换成我们blackbox_exporter的地址
- action: replace
regex: (.*)
# blackbox-exporter的svc地址
# 为了实现跨namespace访问，地址需要写成{SERVICE_NAME}.{NAMESPACE_NAME}.svc.cluster.local
replacement: prometheus-blackbox-exporter.prometheus.svc.cluster.local:9115
sourceLabels:
- __address__
targetLabel: __address__
# 添加label方便后续进行辨认
- action: replace
regex: (.*)
replacement: $1
sourceLabels:
- __param_target
targetLabel: instance
# 添加label方便后续进行辨认
- action: replace
regex: (.*)
replacement: $1
sourceLabels:
- __param_module
targetLabel: module
# 命名空间限制
namespaceSelector:
# 允许所有命名空间
any: true
# label匹配，通过该字段可以控制那些svc需要被监控
selector:
matchLabels:
blackbox-monitor: "true"[重要]relabelings为何如此配置
首先我们要了解黑盒监控的根本原理。
首先根据前文的介绍我们可以知道，黑盒监控简单来说就是以用户的身份测试服务的外部可见性。
那这里的用户是谁呢？
其实我们的blackbox_exporter就扮演了用户的身份。也就是说blackbox_exporter启动的pod去访问了我们的监控目标，blackbox的pod通过自己访问各个业务的结果生成了相关的监控结果。
所以说如果promethues想要获取监控指标和结果，是需要访问我们blackbox_exporter这个pod提供的页面来拿到相关的数据的。
例如:
我们需要使用blackbox_export中的module http_2xx来监控www.baidu.com。那么我们应该这样去访问这样的地址
http://blackbox_exporter:9115/probe?module=http_2xx&target=www.baidu.com
这里我们可以看出来我们需要监控的地址和module都是以参数的形式添加到了url中，而我们访问的目的还是blackbox_exporter的9115端口路径为probe
但是如果我们不配置relabelings对一些字段进行替换，根据默认的配置（prometheus.yml中scrape_configs）promethues回去访问需要监控的各个svc的/probe这个路径来获取数据。也就是说我们在prometheus targets页面上看到的endpoint是下面这个地址
# 此处为模拟的url地址，promethues targets页面上并不会显示url的参数部分，而是以另一种形式来展示 http://<需要监控svc地址>:9115/probe?module=<监控使用的模块>&target=<需要监控svc的地址> # promethues targets页面上显示的方式 endpoint:http://<blackbox_exporter>:9115/probe module=<监控使用的模块> target=<需要监控svc的地址> # 以监控www.baidu.com为例 http://www.baidu.com/probe?module=http_2xx&target=www.baidu.com
而我们真正需要访问的endpoint应该是这样的
# 此处为模拟的url地址，promethues targets页面上并不会显示url的参数部分，而是以另一种形式来展示 http://<blackbox_exporter>:9115/probe?module=<监控使用的模块>&target=<需要监控svc的地址> # promethues targets页面上显示的方式 endpoint:http://<blackbox_exporter>:9115/probe module=<监控使用的模块> target=<需要监控svc的地址> # 以监控www.baidu.com为例 http://blackbox_exporter:9115/probe?module=http_2xx&target=www.baidu.com
上述整个relabelings段存在的意义就是为了把endpint换成我们需要的endpoint
配置需要监控的svc
根据我们上面的ServiceMonitor文件可以得知，我们需要配置两个标签来实现让promethues发现我们需要监控的svc
# 以下均为标签 # 这个标签用来决定是否启用blackbox监控 blackbox-monitor: "true" # 这个标签用来决定我们需要监控的健康检查路径（http://address:port/healthz） # 路径前不需要添加'/' # 如果没有健康检查路径可以不填写，默认会以根目录作为健康检查路径 prometheus.io/http-probe-path: healthz
这里需要注意又有lable中的值不允许出现/ ，所以如果我们的健康检查路径如果有多级，就无法使用lable来实现。
那么如果我们的健康检查路径中有多级可以使用注释（annotations）来实现。
使用annotations实现多级健康检查路径
修改ServiceMonitor文件
# 部分ServiceMonitior文件
- action: replace
# 替换内容
regex: (.*)
# 替换规则
replacement: ${1}${2}
# 分隔符
separator: /
# 替换的内容
# 这里使用了两个内置变量
sourceLabels:
# 地址（需要监控的svc的地址）
- __address__
# 标签 prometheus.io.http.probe.path 的值
# - __meta_kubernetes_service_label_prometheus_io_http_probe_path
# 这里我们获取annotations的值而并非lable的值
- __meta_kubernetes_service_annotations_prometheus_io_http_probe_path
# 被替换内容
targetLabel: __param_target同时我们svc需要配置的内容也要变化
# 标签 # 这个标签用来决定是否启用blackbox监控 blackbox-monitor: "true" # 注释 # 这个注释用来决定我们需要监控的健康检查路径（http://address:port/check/healthz） # 路径前不需要添加'/' # 如果没有健康检查路径可以不填写，默认会以根目录作为健康检查路径 prometheus.io/http-probe-path: check/healthz
查看promethues数据
上述配置完成后我们就可以在promethues中查看数据了
grafana仪表盘
仪表盘json文件
{
"annotations": {
"list": [
{
"$$hashKey": "object:20",
"builtIn": 1,
"datasource": "-- Grafana --",
"enable": true,
"hide": true,
"iconColor": "rgba(0, 211, 255, 1)",
"name": "Annotations & Alerts",
"target": {
"limit": 100,
"matchAny": false,
"tags": [],
"type": "dashboard"
},
"type": "dashboard"
}
]
},
"description": "",
"editable": true,
"gnetId": 9965,
"graphTooltip": 0,
"id": 38,
"iteration": 1650958653934,
"links": [
{
"asDropdown": false,
"icon": "bolt",
"includeVars": false,
"keepTime": false,
"tags": [],
"targetBlank": true,
"title": "Update",
"tooltip": "",
"type": "link",
"url": "https://grafana.com/dashboards/9965"
},
{
"asDropdown": false,
"icon": "question",
"includeVars": false,
"keepTime": false,
"tags": [],
"targetBlank": true,
"title": "GitHub",
"tooltip": "",
"type": "link",
"url": "https://github.com/starsliao/ConsulManager"
}
],
"panels": [
{
"collapsed": false,
"datasource": {
"type": "prometheus",
"uid": "Prometheus"
},
"gridPos": {
"h": 1,
"w": 24,
"x": 0,
"y": 0
},
"id": 2422,
"panels": [],
"title": "总览",
"type": "row"
},
{
"datasource": null,
"description": "注意：对于有重定向的URL，如果重定向后的域名与检查的域名不同，则检查的证书信息为重定向后的域名证书信息。如果需要检查源域名信息，请在blackbox中增加禁止重定向参数。",
"fieldConfig": {
"defaults": {
"color": {
"mode": "thresholds"
},
"custom": {
"align": "center",
"displayMode": "auto",
"filterable": false
},
"decimals": 2,
"mappings": [],
"noValue": "无",
"thresholds": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "red",
"value": 80
}
]
},
"unit": "short"
},
"overrides": [
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "公司"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 82
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "项目"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 129
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "环境"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 66
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "类型"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 85
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "名称"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 165
},
{
"id": "custom.filterable",
"value": true
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "连通性"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 55
},
{
"id": "mappings",
"value": [
{
"options": {
"0": {
"color": "red",
"index": 1,
"text": "离线"
},
"1": {
"color": "green",
"index": 0,
"text": "在线"
}
},
"type": "value"
}
]
},
{
"id": "custom.displayMode",
"value": "color-background"
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "状态"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 41
},
{
"id": "decimals",
"value": 0
},
{
"id": "thresholds",
"value": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "green",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "#EAB839",
"value": 400
},
{
"color": "red",
"value": 500
}
]
}
},
{
"id": "custom.displayMode",
"value": "color-background"
},
{
"id": "mappings",
"value": [
{
"options": {
"match": "null",
"result": {
"color": "red",
"index": 0,
"text": "无"
}
},
"type": "special"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "证书(天)"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 70
},
{
"id": "unit",
"value": "none"
},
{
"id": "thresholds",
"value": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "red",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "#EAB839",
"value": 15
},
{
"color": "green",
"value": 30
}
]
}
},
{
"id": "custom.displayMode",
"value": "color-background"
},
{
"id": "decimals",
"value": 0
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "http版本"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 66
},
{
"id": "custom.displayMode",
"value": "color-background"
},
{
"id": "decimals",
"value": 1
},
{
"id": "thresholds",
"value": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "red",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "yellow",
"value": 1.1
},
{
"color": "green",
"value": 2
}
]
}
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "耗时"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 123
},
{
"id": "unit",
"value": "s"
},
{
"id": "custom.displayMode",
"value": "gradient-gauge"
},
{
"id": "decimals",
"value": 1
},
{
"id": "max",
"value": 0.5
},
{
"id": "color",
"value": {
"mode": "continuous-GrYlRd"
}
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "1H可用%"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width",
"value": 103
},
{
"id": "unit",
"value": "percentunit"
},
{
"id": "decimals"
},
{
"id": "thresholds",
"value": {
"mode": "absolute",
"steps": [
{
"color": "red",
"value": null
},
{
"color": "yellow",
"value": 0.9
},
{
"color": "green",
"value": 0.99
}
]
}
},
{
"id": "custom.displayMode",
"value": "basic"
},
{
"id": "max",
"value": 1
},
{
"id": "color",
"value": {
"mode": "thresholds"
}
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "实例"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.width"
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byRegexp",
"options": "/连通性|状态|证书\\(天\\)|http版本|耗时|1H可用%|TLS版本|DNS/"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "custom.align",
"value": "center"
}
]
},
{
"matcher": {
"id": "byName",
"options": "实例"
},
"properties": [
{
"id": "links",
"value": [
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"5m",
"15m",
"1h",
"6h",
"12h",
"24h",
"2d",
"7d",
"30d"
]
},
"timezone": "browser",
"title": "Blackbox Exporter Dashboard",
"uid": "Sj56fJUnz",
"version": 2
}
